APPLICATION 4
SHORT GLOSSARY
The paragraph (Paragraph)
The part of the text united by the general semantic content. Within the paragraph automatic imposition of the text is normally provided.
Abzatsnyj indent (Indent)
Gap in the beginning of the first line of the paragraph. It is used for evident separation of paragraphs from each other. It should be identical in all document.
Automatic leading (Autoleading)
By default value of leading is accepted equal 120 % from a font size.
Additive colors (Additive Colors)
The colors generated by radiating objects. At mixing additive colors are clarified, mixing of three main additive colors — red, green and dark blue — gives white color. At pairwise mixing of primary colors of additive colors receive the main subtractive colors.
Апрош (Sidebearing)
The interalphabetic gap, is formed of two полуапрошей (right and left) adjacent characters.
Basic line (Baseline)
The conditional direct line along which font characters in line are aligned.
Balance on gray (Gray Balance)
Ratio of the color colors creating after the press оптически neutral gray colors.
Буквица (Drop Cap)
Increased and sometimes the decorative first letter, which basic line is allocated for one or several lines more low, than a basic line of the first line of the text. Is used to select the text beginning, and also to create an emotional tonometer for adjustment of all page or the whole section.
Vector graphics (Vector Graphics)
Method of representation of the graphic information by means of set of the curves described by mathematical formulas. This method provides possibility of transformations (scaling, rotation) images without quality loss.
Imposition (Layout)
Configuration of text and graphic elements on issuing pages according to a breadboard model (a modular grid), the developed artist of issuing.
Exterior appearance (Appearance)
Principle of change of the visible form of object without change of a vectorial basis.
Selection (Selection)
Operation of marking of separate object or set of objects for relocation, transformations also Is etc. fulfilled by means of special tools and commands.
Выключка (Alignment)
Layout of lines of the text concerning boundaries of a band of a dial-up.
Portable element of a font (Ascender, Descender)
The parts of characters supporting the lower line of a font (basic line), for example, Russian letters "at", "р", Latin letters "q", "g", or the upper line of a line font, the so-called h-size (x-height) a lowercase letter, for example, Russian letter, Latin letters "d", "k", "h", etc.
Typeface (Type Family)
The font family, having identical style singularities and the general name, for example, typeface Times, typeface Lazursky and many other things.
The hypertext (Hypertext)
Such organization of the information at which certain words in the document are links to other units of the text or other documents. At a choice (click) passage to other information in given or other document happens the user of the selected words. The technology of the hypertext found the embodiment in electronic issuings (dictionaries, encyclopedias) and in network World Wide Web.
Smooth reference point (Curve Point)
The reference point smoothly connecting two curvilinear segments.
Depth of color (Color Depth)
Number of the bits used for coding of color each пиксела of point image.
Gradation gray (Grayscale)
The color mode with 256 levels (gradation) of gray color, demands for the description of 8 bits on everyone пиксел the image.
Gradient (Gradient)
The smooth passage from one color to another, artists name such reception by "extension". In computer graphics the gradient can consist of plural passages (multicolor gradient).
Group (Group)
Temporal fixing of the objects, allowing to apply various operations to group as to a single whole.
Decorative font (Decorative font)
The font, which appearance is characterized by presence of decorative elements. It is used for a dial-up of titles and accidental types of printed matter as gives extremely the saturation broad range, unusual design. At the same time the decorative font is characterized low "читабельностью" owing to the abstract or complicated picture.
Discretionary (soft) transfer (Discretionary Hyphen)
Sign on potential transfer which is implemented only at hit of this word in a hyphenation zone in the given place. The sign is used for manual arrangement of possible transfers, it is unique possibility of support of transfers at absence in the program of dictionaries of Russian.
Dopechatnaja preparation (Prepress)
Stage of completing preparation of issuing to transmission to the polygraphic enterprise. Can include procedures of proofs, color corrections, треппинга, descent of bands, a color separation, a coloring test, obtaining of photoforms.
The closed circuit (Closed Path)
Circuit, initial and which finite reference points are connected in one, to it filling parameters (Fill) can be appropriated.
Filling (Fill)
Filling of the selected object with a shade сербряного colors, continuous color or decorative samples.
Indexed colors (Indexed Colors)
One-channel representation of the fixed color set (16 or 256 colors are normal).
Leading (Leading)
The distance between basic lines in adjacent lines of the text, is measured in points (points) and is normally proportional to a font size. In the dialup text value by default — 120 % from a current size is accepted.
The interface (Interface)
The main window of the program in which all is allocated necessary for operation.
Calibration (Calibration)
Process of adjustment of devices (for example, the monitor) for the purpose of more exact transmission of color and correspondence to its polygraphic possibilities of exterior output devices.
Calligraphical line (Calligraphic Line)
The line imitating the letter by a wide pen with a certain inclination by a line.
Small caps (Caps, Small Caps);
Typing only the uppercase letters which size coincides with the line. The reception often used for selection of the text, is applied also in page headers, titles and logos.
Size (Font Size)
The type size in points (points), is measured on height кегельной platforms which can be displayed, selecting the separate character.
Kerning (Kerning)
Change of interalphabetic gaps at pair characters for the purpose of alignment of the optical areas of gaps.
The container (Container)
The graphic object serving by a curly band of typing.
Circuit (Path)
Representation of the image by means of the vectorial objects normally based on usage of special mathematical apparatus of Bezier curves. For its display the special key line mode (Outline, Keyline mode) is provided, as a rule.
Key line mode (Outline, Keyline mode)
Display method on the screen of vectorial objects in the form of wire frames — without a thickness and color of a circuit and without filling.
Outline font (Contour-type font)
Method of representation of the fonts, based on the mathematical description of each character in the form of set of curves. Advantage of such type of a font is almost unlimited scalability and transformation. Quality of an output of a font is defined by parameters (resolution) of the exterior device (the monitor, the printer). Thus for saving смыслоразличительных font elements on devices with low resolution and for small size the technology хинтования is used. Examples of outline fonts are formats TrueType and Adobe Type I (PostScript).
Curve Beae (Bezier curve)
The mathematical curve named a name of the French engineer and scientist Pierre Beze, is vector graphics basis.
Round шпация (Em Space)
The gap equal to a current size of a font, i.e. to height кегельной, platforms.
Italic outline (Italic)
The font, which main dashes are inclined concerning a vertical, more often to the right, on a small corner (the order 15 °). Lowercase letters of such font are under construction by a principle скорописного a font, though and without binding of letters with each other.
Raster lineature (Line Frequency, Halftone Screen)
Density of points in the half-tone raster, expressed normally in lines on inch — LPI (Lines Per Inch).
Line of height of uppercase letters (Capiine, X-height)
The conditional line leading on peaks of square-topped letters, parallel a basic line.
Mask (Mask)
The object, which form is boundary of cutting off of the masked image.
Masking (Knockout)
Color separation method at which the fragment of the object superimposed by other object "is cut" on a color-splitted band. It provides an invariance of colors of objects, but inexact приводка promotes appearance непропечатанных gaps.
Sawn-off shotgun labels (Crop Marks)
The labels printed along boundaries of the image, they serve as instructions for cropping.
Labels приводки (Registration Marks)
The labels placed on color-splitted printing prints and used for combination of colors in the course of the press.
Font inclination (Type angle)
The parameter defining layout of the main dashes in relation to a basic line: the grotesque font (without cuts) can be oblique (oblique), and антиквенный a font (with cuts) — italic (italic).
Saturation (Saturation)
The characteristic of color defining color purity. It is used in color model HSB.
Font weight (Weight)
The relation of a thickness of the main dashes to the intraalphabetic clearance, one of the parameters defining a type face. The font can be very light (extra light), light (light), normal, (normal, regular, plain), semiboldface (bold, demi, demi bold, semi bold), fat (fat, heavy, heavyface, black), superfat (extra bold, extra fat, extra black, ultra black).
Outline (Type Style)
Set of characters of the font having a uniform picture, saturation, proportions and slope angle (for example, a semiboldface outline (Bold), an italic outline (Italic)).
Обводка (Stroke)
Circuit (path) to which parameters of a thickness, colors and other are appropriated.
Object (Object)
Separate element of the vectorial document (an independent reference point, an independent segment, an independent circuit, independent set of circuits) which can be marked by the selection tool for one click.
Reference point (Anchor Point)
Edge points of a segment, employees for connection of segments in a circuit. The reference points belonging to the curvilinear segment, have controlling lines which define curvature of a part of the segment quitting the given reference point.
Display of a font by dies (Greeking)
Small print display by gray strips for the purpose of operation acceleration.
Palette (Palette)
Method of information output and control in special windows which can be moved, displaced and torn freely.
Printing by superimposing (Overprinting)
Color separation method, at which обеспечийаетея printing of one color over another. In this case are eliminated непропечатанные areas, but appearance of new colors is possible.
"Under a sawn-off shotgun" (Bleed)
The press method at which the illustration rests against edges of page and has no fields. For sawn-off shotgun support it is required, that boundaries of an illustration fell outside the limits sawn-off shotgun labels.
Posterization (Posterize)
Reduction of an amount of tones (colors) for image transfer. It is used for the art purposes or with a view of preparation of the image for trace.
Приводка (Registration)
Combination of color-splitted bands on labels приводки in the course of the press for the purpose of obtaining полноцветного images.
Uppercase letter (Capital)
The letter, different in the big size, than line. It is used in the beginning of a sentence and for writing of proper names. Rules of the use of uppercase letters in different languages differ substantially (for example, in German language all nouns begin with capital letter, in English — titles of days of week and a nationality). The predecessor of uppercase letters are ancient Roman capitals (from Latin capitalis — principal).
Device profile (Device Profile)
The file used in management systems by color for saving of color characteristics откалиброванных of the input equipment and an output.
Point (Point)
Fundamental unit of polygraphic system of measures. It is equal 1/72 inches. It is used in the core for measurement of type sizes.
Resolution (Resolution)
The amount пикселов or points (in point images or in output devices) on unit of length (normally inch), defines image sharpness.
The distributed press (Distributed Printing)
Such the press organizations at which the output of the document to the printer (the phototypesetting automatic machine or the device of the numeral press), allocated far from a workstation storing the original is carried out.
Растискивание raster points (Dot gain)
Magnification of the size of a raster point at the press or at a stage of manufacture of photoforms or printing forms.
Raster (Halftone)
In polygraphy of the technician of transmission of the continuous tone by means of binary structure black and white. To acoustical gradation the sizes of points are put in correspondence. The physical size of points is small enough, and at perception they merge and more or less imitate an acoustical range.
The register (Case)
In the modern European writing of a letter of the alphabet have two variants of graphemes: capital (capital), more ancient (маюскульные) and line, later (минускульные). The register misses at digits, mathematical characters, signs on currency and punctuation signs. In the computer technologies dealing with information input from the keypad, the abundance of signs and limitation of keys on the keypad is overcome at the expense of introduction of several registers. Except specified the main (capital and line) for operation in several languages (for example, normal composition of font files — English and Russian letters) are used additional registers. Keys are applied to switching <Shift>, <Alt>, <Ctrl>.
Smoothing (Anti-aliasing)
Technique in which result "aliasing" of boundaries and lines at an output to the screen, and also in images of a pointwise drawing is smoothed by intensity softening in the transitive area.
Segment (Segment)
The part of a circuit representing the elementary Bezier curve.
Grid (Grid)
Set of horizontal and vertical lines which are used in graphics editors for simplification of positioning of objects or for creation of a modular grid from guides (guides).
(Character character
The graphic sign from the alphabet of any language, serves for a designation on the letter of sounds (phonemes). Signs happen alphabetic, numeral and punctuation.
Management system color (Color Management System, CMS)
Set of the software providing correspondence of colors which are used at all stages from scanning to a letterpress printing.
Layer (Layer)
Additional level for drawing and layout of objects. A metaphor of the transparent tracing-paper in traditional design.
Composite коетур (Compound Path)
Two and more circuits, making one object. In places of intersection of circuits in object the transparent sections are formed.
Саецсимвол (Special character)
The auxiliary character (the controlling code), defining text layout, for example, the paragraph break character, tabulation character, etc.
Descent of bands (Imposition)
Process of the organization of separate pages of issuing on the photoform or the printing form taking into account finishing handling (a folding, cropping, splice and other).
Subtraktnvnye colors (Subtractve Colors)
The colors received on a paper by means of polygraphic colors (blue, magenta, yellow and black).
Tkvografsky system of measures of Dvdo (Didot)
The system of measurement accepted historically in polygraphic manufacture for operation with a font and images, offered in 1785 François-Ambruazom Dido's Parisian printer (Didot). For an initial measure was 1/72 share of the French inch (27,7 mm) is taken and named by point (пт). In the USSR and continental Europe the typographical point was accepted equal 0,376 mm. In one meter contains approximately 2660 пт. Now in computer technologies the Anglo-American point is more often used.
The pointwise drawing (Raster, Bitmapped Graphics)
The image consisting of set of points (пикселов). Everyone пиксел has the attribute of color encoded from 1 bit (a black-and-white dash) to 24 bits (the color image with 16,7 million shades).
Траясформнрованне (Transformation)
Change of position and the form of the selected objects (relocation, rotation, an inclination, reflection and etc.) program means.
Training (Tracking)
Technology of automatic setting of density of the text depending on value of a size.
Трепвинг (Trapping)
Magnification of the area more светябго colors for preventing at overlapping by more dark color of appearance of not sealed gaps.
Triad colors (Process Colors)
Three main colors (blue, magenta, yellow) and additional (black), used in standard printing process. A synonym of CMYK-colors.
Angular reference point (Corner Point)
The reference point connecting two segments under the arbitrary corner.
Raster slope angle (Halftone, Screen Angle)
Slope angle of lines of a raster for the different polygraphic colors, applied to allocation of color points in the socket, for support of preferentially optical color blending and preventing of a stray pattern — moire. For black color the slope angle is accepted in 45 °, for yellow — 0 °, remaining colors are allocated under 30 ° concerning black (for example, 75 ° and 105 °).
Condensed type (Condensed)
The type face characterized in small width of a sign concerning its height.
Controlling line (Direction Line)
The conditional line connecting reference and controlling points, serves for the correct choice of the appropriate managing director of a point.
Controlling point (Direction Point)
Point, position. Which defines curvature of the segment quitting an appropriate reference point.
ФНА (Imagesetter)
The phototypesetting automatic machine — the device for an output of color-splitted images to a photographic film for the purpose of obtaining of photoforms for the polygraphic press.
Шпация (It)
The unit of measure used by printers for a designation of distance across, equal to height кегельной platforms (skittle). In кегельную a platform of the square form ("round", i.e. with equal width and height) inscribed in early polygraphy a Latin letter "т".
Font MM (Multiple Master Font)
Variety of a format of a font of adobe Type 1 at which program change not only a size, but, for example, proportions and slope angle.
Body text font (Body type)
Font which type all text of issuing, in difference, for example, from a title font (headline) or signatures under pictures (caption).
Хинтование (Hinting)
The special instruction saved in a font file, provides special handling of the elements marked хинтами (hints), in the course of rasterization of a vectorial circuit for an output on exterior (as a rule, raster) the device. It is especially important at an output to the device with low resolution or a small size as allows to save smyslo-distinctive elements of characters.
Color separation (Color Separation)
Process of sharing of the color image on some images which, being are printed by appropriate typographical colors, synthesize in a certain level the source image. Represents a finite stage допечатной issuing preparations, however demands the registration of set of parameters of printing process (a lineature, растискивания a point, generation black and other).
Color model (Color Model, Color Mode)
Schematic and numeral representation of parameters of color depending on practice requirements.
Color model CMYK
The color space based on four colors of polygraphic process — blue, magenta, yellow and black.
Color model HSB
The color space based on three characteristics of color: color tone (Hue), saturations (Saturation) and brightness (Brightness).
Color model Lab
Color space, independent of a source and hardware devices. Is a basis of the modern computer management systems color.
Color model RGB
The color space based on three colors — red, green and dark blue.
Color spanning (Gamut)
Range of colors which are capable to provide the input equipment (the scanner, the numeral camera) and an output (the monitor, the printer, the printing press).
Color tone (Ное)
The main characteristic of Colour distinguishing it from other colors, for example, orange from dark blue, violet from pink also Is etc. used in models HSB and HLS.
The numeral press (Direct Digital Printing)
System of the color press at which the document in the electronic form immediately receives the material copy without creation of the intermediate forms (the photoform and the printing form), as a rule, an electrographic method. Allows to print any circulation, since one copy, to personify each separate print.
Brightness (Brightness)
The color characteristic, defining intensity of color. It is used in color model HSB.
ATM
Профамма Adobe Type Manager of firm of adobe it is intended for support (rasterization for the screen and the press) a font of a format of adobe Type 1 in operational environment Windows.
CIE
The international committee on the flower grower нию — the developer of standard model of the description of color CIE Lab which describes color irrespective of its source and thereof is a basis of computer management systems color.
CLUT
The reference table of colors (Color Look-up Table) — a dial-up of specially generated standardized shades of the colors shown in the arranged table for fast usage by the certain device, for example, by the monitor.
CMS
Look "the Management system color". DPI
Unit of measure of image resolution or the output device — points in inch (dots per inch).
DCS (DeskTop Separation)
In desktop publishing systems a format of the PostScript-file intended for saving of the color-splitted image (color model CMYK).
GCR
Changeover of the Grey component of color colors (Gray Color Replacement) — a component of a color separation and a method of generation of black color.
ICC
International концорциум on color (International Color Consortium) is a group of the known companies (Adobe, Agfa, Apple, FOGRA, Kodak, Microsoft, Silicon Graphics, Sun and Taligent) which develops and uses cross-platform standards on handling of color characteristics.
LPI
Unit of measure of a lineature of a polygraphic raster — lines in inch (lines per inch).
PCL
Printer control language (Printer Control Language) — a dial-up of the printer commands developed by the company of hewlett-packard. PCL-printers are office devices and do not give possibility to control in parameters of a raster point and a color separation.
PostScript
Hardware-independent language of the description of the page, developed by adobe firm in 1985 which is the standard in high-quality numeral полифафии.
UCR
Subtraction of color colors from under black (Under Color Removal) — a component of a color separation and a method of generation of black color.
URL
The general-purpose locator of resources (Uniform Resource Locator) is used in network Internet for addressing, for example, http://www.bhv.ru/pono.